The polar bear that lived at the Tower of London and fished in the Thames

Imagine a magnificent white bear, not in its icy Arctic home, but swimming in the bustling River Thames in 13th-century London. Such was the spectacle offered by King Henry III's unusual pet, a gift from a distant monarch that became one of the capital's most talked-about attractions. This intriguing episode highlights a unique chapter in the history of the Tower of London, long before it was known primarily for its yeoman warders and Crown Jewels.

Why it happens

The arrival of such an exotic creature was a notable event. In 1252, King Haakon IV of Norway presented King Henry III of England with a pale or white bear. Its exact identity is not certain, but it was most likely a polar bear, which were known as white bears in Britain before the 19th century. King Henry III, who reigned from 1216 to 1272, had established a permanent Royal Menagerie at the Tower of London, housing animals gifted by other monarchs. The Norwegian bear was lodged within this collection and became a popular attraction. It was exercised within the Tower grounds and, following a royal order in 1253, was also allowed to swim in the River Thames.

How we know

Historical records confirm King Henry III's ownership of the white bear, detailing its presentation by King Haakon IV of Norway in 1252. The bear's residence at the Royal Menagerie in the Tower of London is well-documented, reflecting the Tower's evolving role beyond a simple fortress. Originally founded towards the end of 1066, the Tower of London served as a royal residence and later held various functions, including an armoury and treasury, before becoming home to the menagerie. The order from King Henry III in 1253, allowing the bear to swim in the River Thames and be exercised in the Tower grounds, provides insight into its daily life and the unique arrangements made for such a remarkable animal.

Did you know?

The Royal Menagerie at the Tower of London was a significant institution, with animals kept there until 1835, when concerns over their welfare led to its closure. The first animals to reside there were three "leopards"—a term that probably referred to lions in the medieval era—given to Henry III by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in 1235. The presence of the white bear proved so popular that later monarchs continued to keep similar bears within the menagerie. The Tower of London itself, a historic citadel on the north bank of the River Thames, saw major expansions under kings Richard I, Henry III, and Edward I in the 12th and 13th centuries, solidifying its status as a grand palace and royal residence.